Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a chronic disease of the intestine, specifically the large intestine or colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores, in the colon. It is quite similar to crohn’s disease and together they are known as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation and sores (ulcers), in the top layers of the lining of the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis rarely affects the small intestine except for the lower section, called the ileum.
The inflammation makes the colon empty frequently, causing diarrhea. Ulcers form in places where the inflammation has killed the cells linking the colon. The ulcers bleed and produce pus and mucus.
The main symptom of active disease is usually constant diarrhea mixed with blood

The exact cause(s) of ulcerative colitis are not known. It is thought to be an autoimmune disease but exactly which factors cause this faulty immune response is not known.
Risk factors for ulcerative colitis include:
Genetics or family history: There is a greater incidence of disease if a first relative or parent is involved.
Cigarette Smoking
Psychological factors such as stress can modify the course of disease and result in aggravations

The cardinal symptom of Ulcerative colitis is diarrhoea with or without bleeding. The other common symptoms include:

• Sudden urgency to have a bowel movement and bowel incontinence,
• Lower abdominal discomfort or cramps,
• Fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite, and
• Tenesmus (ineffective, painful urge to move one's bowels).
• Weight loss

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis depend largely upon the extent of involvement of the disease in the intestine. In certain cases it is limited to the rectum (ulcerative proctitis) in these cases mild to moderate rectal bleeding may be the only symptom.
In certain severe cases were the ulceration spreads to the whole intestine (Pancolitis or universal colitis) symptoms like; fever, weight loss, anaemia, anorexia, Joint pains, and night sweats are present along with the other symptoms. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis follow a pattern of waxes and waning

A thorough physical exam and a series of tests may be required to diagnose ulcerative colitis
Blood test:Complete Blood Count, Liver Function test (LFT), ESR, C-reactiveprotein.
The main diagnostic test in ulcerative colitis is colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.

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